While we are not aware of any current PFAS litigation in Spain, the potential for such litigation is not a risk we can ignore going forward, especially in light of developments in the USA and more recently in other European countries. As a result, the Spanish insurance market has recently introduced specific exclusions for PFAS in policies that could be of potential interest to claimants and insureds. Such litigation comes at the same time the significant projected change to collective actions in Spain, which would bind all potentially affected consumers except those who expressly declare their intention to be excluded.